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JavaScript has undergone significant evolution since its inception, with new features and improvements being added regularly. Below is a table summarizing the different versions of JavaScript, along with their key features:
| Version | Release Year | Key Features |
|---|---|---|
| ECMAScript 1 (ES1) | 1997 | The first edition, establishing the core features of JavaScript. |
| ECMAScript 2 (ES2) | 1998 | Standardized the language and incorporated minor updates. |
| ECMAScript 3 (ES3) | 1999 | Introduced regular expressions, better string handling, and try/catch exception handling. |
| ECMAScript 5 (ES5) | 2009 | Added strict mode, JSON support, new Array methods, and improved property definitions. |
| ECMAScript 2015 (ES6) | 2015 | Major update with classes, modules, arrow functions, promises, let/const, and template literals. |
| ECMAScript 2016 (ES7) | 2016 | Introduced the exponentiation operator and Array.prototype.includes. |
| ECMAScript 2017 (ES8) | 2017 | Added async/await, Object.entries(), and Object.values(). |
| ECMAScript 2018 (ES9) | 2018 | Included rest/spread properties, asynchronous iteration, and Promise.finally(). |
| ECMAScript 2019 (ES10) | 2019 | Brought in Array.prototype.flat(), Array.prototype.flatMap(), Object.fromEntries(), and String.prototype.trimStart()/trimEnd(). |
| ECMAScript 2020 (ES11) | 2020 | Added BigInt, dynamic import, optional chaining, and nullish coalescing operator. |
| ECMAScript 2021 (ES12) | 2021 | Features include logical assignment operators, numeric separators, and String.prototype.replaceAll(). |
| ECMAScript 2022 (ES13) | 2022 | Added top-level await, class static blocks, and ergonomic brand checks for private fields. |